17th Century Warfare

17th Century Military History; The British Isles

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Articles:

Donagan, Barbara, "Prisoners in the English Civil War", History Today, Vol. 41, March, 1991, pp. 28-35. This article discusses the variable treatment of captives by captors in the conflict between Crown and Parliament and what light it sheds on the manners and mores of the time.

Langeluddecke, Henrik, "'The chiefest strength and glory of this kingdom': Arming and Training the 'Perfect Militia' in the 1630's", English Historical Review, Vol. 118, No. 479 (November 2003), pp. 1264-1303. This is a good article on how the English militia system operated and how well it worked during the 1630's.

Manning, Roger B., "Styles of Command in Seventeenth-Century English Armies", The Journal of Military History, Vol. 71, No. 3 (July 2007), pp. 670-699. Summary of article: The introduction of the military revolution into armies of the British Isles by officers and soldiers who had served in mainland European armies during the religious and dynastic wars of the seventeenth century was retarded by a martial culture shaped by a chivalric revival characterized by an aristocratic preference for edged weapons over gunpowder weapons and tactics. Aristocratic officers were reluctant to accept the idea that military hierarchies had superseded social hierarchies or that in warfare they should pursue military objectives rather than personal honor. Except for the New Model Army, English military forces before 1688 were backward in developing styles of command and leadership appropriate to the changed conditions of modern warfare.

Martin, Graham, "Prince Rupert and the Surgeons", History Today, Vol. 40, Dec., 1990, pp. 38-43. An interesting article on medicine in the middle of the 17th century, in this particular case brain surgery performed on Prince Rupert, nephew of Charles I and Commander in Chief of the Royalist Armies during part of the English Civil War, in 1667.

Nusbacher, Aryeh J. S. "Civil Supply in the Civil War: Supply of Victuals to the New Model Army on the Naseby Campaign, 1-14 June 1645", English Historical Review, Vol. 115, No. 460 (February 2000), pp. 145-160. The author argues that the issue of victualling in relation to the battle of Naseby has been seriously neglected, and he discusses in some depth the nature of this process.

Spaulding, Thomas J., "Militarie Instructions for the Cavallerie", Military Affairs, Vol. 2 (1939), pp. 105-110. This article discusses John Cruso's treatise on cavalry and its drill and utilization, written in 1632. It was the primary English textbook on cavalry for over 30 years.

Woolrych, Austin, "Shifting Perspectives on the Great Rebellion,", History Today, Vol. 52, No. 11 (Nov 2002), pp. 46-52. Austin Woolrych reflects on how historian's approaches to the events of 1640-60 have been changing over the half century that he has been working on the period.

Books:

Andrews, Kenneth R. Ships, Money, and Politics: Seafaring and Naval Enterprise in the Reign of Charles I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. This book is well written and lighter descriptive chapters dealing with sample voyages leaven the analytical lump. The material the author produces amply supports his two central contentions, that the problems of the Navy and the mercantile marine must be studied together and that without the inclusion of naval affairs, the full extent of what he calls "the Stuart sickness" cannot be understood. While there are problems, notably a sometimes tendency to oversimplify and a failure to comment on the arguments wracking naval circles at the time on the subject of ship design, this is overall a good book. It will be consulted by students of the period whether their interests are naval, political, or economic for a long time to come. Information taken from a review by Michael Baumber in History Today, Vol. 42, Feb., 1992, pp. 58 and 60. Also reviewed in American Historical Review, Vol. 97, No. 4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 1213-1214, and English Historical Review, Vol. 109, No. 433 (September 1994), pp. 1006-1007.

Ashley, Maurice. The English Civil War. Thrupp, Stroud, UK: Alan Sutton, 1990. There are several editions of this publication, published in both the US and UK. It apparently is a quite popular work. Copiously but imaginatively illustrated, it is chiefly a military account but takes the politics in tow. This is a physically attractive volume providing an intelligent introduction to the general crisis of the British Isles in the middle of the 17th century. Information taken from a review by Ivan Root in History Today, Vol. 40, Nov. 1990, page 57.

Barratt, John. Cavalier Generals: King Charles I and His Commanders in the English Civil War, 1642-1646. Barnsley, South Yorkshire,, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2005. ISBN: 184415128X Most previous studies of Royalist high command in the Civil Wars have concentrated upon a handful of individuals such as the King himself and Prince Rupert. This book reexamines these key figures, and also explores the careers and characters of some of the lesser known, but equally able, Royalist officers. Among the remarkable soldiers the author covers are Lord Astley, Lord Hopton and Lord Wilmont. Information taken from a brief unattributed review provided in History Today, Vol. 54, No. 11 (Nov. 2004), page 66.

Bennett, Martyn. The English Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland, 1638-1651. Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1997. It is one of the many merits of this book that the author shows us the local and particular as well as the general sweep of affairs, the national picture, of the English Civil War. Moreover, the big picture is bigger than usual, for he has ambitiously included, and not just as bolt-on extras, the progress of the wars in Scotland, Ireland, and, for once, Wales, honourably given equal treatment. The greater complication of his task as a result does not prevent his making sense of the whole, providing a readable and intelligible narrative and analysis. The author has provided a distinctly different and welcome perspective on the wars. Information taken from a review by Ian Roy in English Historical Review, Vol. 113, No. 454 (November 1998), pp.1311-1312.

Bennett, Martyn. Historical Dictionary of the British and Irish Civil Wars, 1637-1660. Lanham, MD, and London: Scarecrow Press, 2000. ISBN: 0 8108 3661 0. This book is a splendidly comprehensive guide to the wars that engulfed all the nations ruled by Charles I, and to the Interregnum and further conflicts which followed. It is not confined to the purely military, though the strength of the dictionary lies mainly in the short and crisp accounts of campaigns, battles, and, indeed, some minor skirmishes. The bibliography and the chronology are comprehensive and well organized. While there is a lack of maps, and some well-known figures of the era are unaccountably not discussed individually, overall these deficiencies do not detract from the great value of this volume. Information taken from a review by Ian Roy in War In History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (July 2001), pp. 353-354.

Bennett, Martyn. The English Civil War: A Historical Companion. Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2004. This is an A-Z companion to the history of the Civil War and, despite its name, gives full consideration to the Welsh, Scottish, and Irish dimensions of the war, from the St. Giles riots in Edinburgh to the restoration of Charles II in May 1660. Information taken from a brief unattributed review provided in History Today, Vol. 54, No. 11 (Nov. 2004), page 66.

Capp, B. Cromwell's Navy: The Fleet and the English Revolution, 1648-1660. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. The author provides a comprehensive study, beginning with a perceptive account of the curious naval revolt during the Second Civil War. He proceeds to the vigorous and effective remodeling of the Navy under the Rump Parliament. A chapter on the Navy and politics underlies its significance in the allocation of state funds and its abiding concern about what was going on by land and sea. A large part of this well-structured and elegantly expressed volume analyses the fleet itself, with a social profile of the officers, the making of a ship's company, manning and recruitment and a very acute examination of nautical religion. Information taken from a review by Ivan Roots in English Historical Review, Vol. 108, No. 426 (January 1993), pp. 199-200.

Carlton, Charles. Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638-1651. New York: Routledge, 1992. Charles Carlton has written the story of the misery of the English Civil Wars, giving us a sense of what it was like to be alive in that time. His book is not an analysis of why war came, or how it might have been avoided, but a study of the social history of the war. Carlton shows us the effect of the conflict on the people who actually fought it. The author is particularly good at allowing us to see the participants as individual beings, not just members of a group. Readers not at home in the venue of seventeenth century Britain may feel overwhelmed. On the other hand, scholars may feel some of the book too informal. But these and other minor caveats should not detract from the book's achievement. Readers will come away from this book with a deeper understanding of the passion and violence of seventeenth-century battle. Information taken from a review by R. W. Butler in The Historian, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Summer 1994), pp. 783-784. In another review in History Today, the reviewer opines that Charles Carlton has published a big, bold, brash and disturbing study of the violence and pain of the conflict. It is massively documented, and is written with great vividness, drawing freely on contemporary pamphlets and on the numerous contemporary accounts by officers and men engaged in the war. He describes what it was like to live in a country sliding into chaos; explains how men were trained and hardened for battle; conjures up what it was like to be under fire; and he gives some remarkable statistics on the scale of the fighting and the scale of the suffering. There are sometimes errors and problems with the statistics, and the author will be accused of exaggerating his case and getting things out of proportion. A thousand points of detail will be contested. It does not matter. He has ten times as much evidence as he needs to prove his case and survive scrutiny. Information taken from a review by John Morrill in History Today, Vol. 43, Feb. 1993, page 54.

Casway, Jerrold I., Owen Roe O'Neill and the Struggle for Catholic Ireland. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985 This biography of Owen Roe O'Neill deals very well with his efforts to bring liberation from English rule to Ireland in the period of his lifetime, 1585 to 1649. It is particularly useful in aiding understanding of the war of three kingdoms from an Irish point of view. This work commands respect. Information taken from a review by Ivan Roots in History Today, Vol. 35, July, 1985, page 50.

Edwards, Peter. Dealing in Death: The Arms Trade and the British Civil Wars, 1638-52. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2001. Professor Edward's volume is welcome as a comprehensive analysis of arms supply during the whole period of the British civil complex, embracing all the combatant parties, and written for a non-specialist audience. This study throws new light on the civil wars. For his insights into this important and neglected subject, Edwards deserves the thanks of all students of the period. Information taken from a review by Ian Roy in English Historical Review, Vol. 117, No. 474 (November 2002), pp. 1341-1342.

Fissel, Mark Charles, ed. War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991. The theme of 'war and government' is clearly important for seventeenth-century history, but research into the financial, logistic, political and social dimensions of Britain's wars from Elizabeth to Cromwell's Irish campaign has not attracted much scholarly effort until recently. Students of the early Stuart regime and the civil wars may therefore turn hopefully for enlightenment to this volume. It contains ten studies, arranged in pairs; the topics are enunciated in the review of the book in the November 1994 English Historical Review. Although most of these studies were certainly worth publishing, the book as a whole is disappointing. It lacks coherence or focus and the editor fails in his introduction to exploit such common threads as are there for the finding. Information taken from a review by K. R. Andrews in English Historical Review, Vol. 109, No. 434 (November 1994), pp. 1272-1273.

Fissel, Mark Charles. The Bishops Wars: Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland, 1638-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Fissel sees the two wars that Charles I fought against the Scots from 1638-1640 as critical in the collapse of royal government and argues that "Charles failed militarily because he was a failure as a politician". Such an assertion is not very original. The original contribution of this book is that the author examines one short, yet crucial period to try to prove his point. The book provides an immense amount of information, telling the story of the wars in exhaustive detail, although the reviewer feels that the amount of material from the Scottish side is disappointing. The book is good, but the author's conclusions are not completely satisfying. Information taken from a review by Charles Carlton in The Historian, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Spring 1996), pp. 681. From the review, I feel that the book would be most useful to those seeking detailed information on the Bishop's Wars. The reviewer evidently does not like Fissel's point of view about the role Charles I played in the cause of the English Revolution. Also a review in American Historical Review, Vol. 101, No. 2 (April, 1996), pp. 482-483.

Gentles, Ian. The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645-1653. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1991. The author combines four themes of previous books on the New Model Army-the army as a fighting force, as a political presence, as an ideological movement, and its leadership-into a remarkable synthesis. The book is extremely well done and is a recommended read. Information taken from a review by Charles Carlton in The Journal of Military History, October 1992, (Vol. 56, No. 4), pp. 691-692. Also reviewed in American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 3 (June 1993), pp. 868-869 and at length in English Historical Review, Vol. 108, No. 429 (October 1993), pp. 981-983.

Gentles, Ian. The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652. London: Pearson Education, 2007. ISBN: 978-0-582-06551-2. Gentles looks at events across the three kingdoms, showing how they relate to each other. Often, however, they do not, taking place separately in parallel, which makes his narrative a little confusing, especially for those unfamiliar with the period. But his descriptions are based on a thorough mastery of the primary sources as well as a deep understanding of the latest literature. This is an impressive contribution to the literature on this war. Information taken from a review by Charles Carlton in The Journal of Military History, Vol. 72, No. 1 (January 2008, pp. 232.

Hainsworth, Roger. The Swordsmen in Power: War and Politics under the English Republic, 1649-1660. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 1997. This book offers a fairly comprehensive account of the whole period from the regicide to the Restoration and it has much to commend it. Hainsworth has a gift for narrative and a flair for the telling phrase. What is striking is the author's keen and informed interest in warfare, on both land and sea. Unfortunately, the emphasis on warfare is at the expense of coverage of the regime that was sustaining the conflicts in this era. War tends to short-change politics. Nevertheless, what Hainsworth does well, notably the wars and foreign policy, he does very well, and apart from a small crop of errors relating to the late 1640's he maintains a high standard of accuracy. Information taken from a review by Austin Woolrych in English Historical Review, Vol. 114, No. 456 (April 1999), pp. 443-444.

Harding, Richard. The Evolution of the Sailing Navy, 1509-1815. London: Macmillan, 1995. The author defines his aim as to provide 'a manageable overview' of recent research, viewing the navy 'as an evolving organization'. This goal is well achieved in a concise and useful synthesis which brings a substantial body of specialist work before a more general readership. The focus on institutional evolution rather than operations explains what at first appears a rather startling allocation of space. Over half the book is devoted to the Stuart period, with one whole chapter (of five) on the civil war and interregnum, while the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars receive only seven pages. The author is concerned throughout with the triple relationship of state, society, and navy. A solid contribution to scholarship. Information taken from a review by Bernard Capp in English Historical Review, Vol. 113, No. 450 (February 1998), pp. 189.

Hibbert, Christopher. Cavaliers and Roundheads: The English Civil War, 1642-1649. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993. This book is a wonderfully readable narrative of the events of the 1640's. This is popular history in the best sense-painstakingly researched, but aimed at a general audience. Hibbert is little interested in debating the causes of the war or the composition of factions in Parliament. Instead, he is interested in describing the events of the war themselves, in focusing on "what happened rather than upon what brought it about and upon the impact which the fighting had upon the civilian population". The book's greatest triumph is that through focusing on details and particular events it ultimately gives an overall impression of the war's destructive impact on English society. The book's major weakness is that it succeeds so completely in what it intends to do-to discuss events and not causes. It ignores why things happened, as well as the ideas impelling the various contestants, to the extent that the importance of the Civil War in English history is missed. Still, this book deserves to be read for what it is-an excellent account of the events of the 1640's. Information taken from a review by James R. Phifer in The Historian, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Summer 1994), pp. 792-793. Also reviewed in History Today, Vol. 44, July, 1994, pp. 54-55.

Hutton, R. The Royalist War Effort, 1642-1646. London: Routledge, 1999 (2nd edition 2003). ISBN : 0-203-00612-7. In this book, the author has set himself an ambitious task. It is to explain the mechanism by which Charles I raised men, money and other resources in the area from which he drew his greatest support throughout the war, and in doing so to examine the relationship between the Royalists and the local communities there. The author attacks the issues head on and directly and argues that the key to the King's defeat lies in his relations with his civilian supporters as much as in purely military events. There is much to argue with in this brilliant if oversimplified explanation of the Royalists' downfall, but it is impossible not to admire the brisk and stylish way in which Hutton has attacked these major themes and offered a fresh and original interpretation for others to ponder. Information taken from a review of the lst edition (in 1982) by Ian Roy in History Today, Vol. 32, October 1982, page 60. Also reviewed in English Historical Review, Vol. 99, No. 390 (January 1984), pp. 182.

Jones, Frank, and Wanklyn, Malcolm. A Military History of the English Civil War. London: Pearson Education, 2005. ISBN: 0-582-77281-8. The authors aim to open the deterministic view of "why Parliament rather than the King won the First Civil War" to "rigorous reappraisal". In this, they are essentially successful. While they do not deny the importance of Parliament's resources (the determinists' central argument), their work does illustrate the importance of military strategy to Charles I's defeat. This book is clearly written with no resort to jargon. Reference is made to a range of secondary material. The structure of the work, chronological with description and analysis combined, is justified. The book admirably achieves the authors' intention "to initiate a revisionist debate" and it will hopefully spur others to continue to engage seriously with the military aspects of the Civil Wars. This book is certainly of value for the general and academic reader at a very reasonable price. Information taken from a review by David N. Farr in The Journal of Military History, Vol. 69, No. 4 (October 2005), pp. 1201-1202. I have read this volume and, in general, agree with this review. I would note that the book is not for the person who is unacquainted with the history of the English Civil War. It is written for the scholar or knowledgeable layman, not the casual reader (NMC 10 January 2006).

Kenyon, J.P. The Civil Wars of England. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988. Characterizing his book as "nothing more than a brief general survey" Kenyon provides a lively, detailed account of armies marching up and down the countryside and of their size and leaders. Only peripherally does he consider the causes of the civil wars. Kenyon predominately discusses marching armies, sieges, and battles. There are some issues with source citations, but generally this is a useful and informative volume. Information taken from a review by Walter J. King in The Historian, Vol. 51, No. 4 (August 1989), pp. 656-657. Also reviewed in History Today, Vol. 39, Jan., 1989, pp. 47-48.

Kenyon, John, and Oholmeyer, Jane, eds. The Civil Wars. A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. This volume is a worth offering. In the competitive field of scholarly yet readable textbooks on the civil wars in the three kingdoms, this will be a strong contender. In general this volume is admirably readable, accurate and balanced, and will serve as an excellent and up-to-date guide to the findings of a range of eminent scholars on the subject. Information taken from a review by Ian Roy in English Historical Review, Vol. 115, No. 462 (June 2000), pp. 727-728.

Kishlansky, Mark A. The Rise of the New Model Army. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. This is a useful book on the "politization" of the New Model Army, and its connection with the rise of party and faction in the English Parliament of the era of the English Civil War. The Rise of the New Model Army is an important book which successfully challenges current interpretations of some of the events of one of the most closely examined and fervently debated decades of English history. Dr. Kishlansky has written a deliberately provocative book with a new interpretation which will renew the debate and possibly reshape our understanding of this eventful decade. Information taken from a review by Glenn O. Nichols in The Historian, Vol. 43, No. 4 (November 1981), pp. 563. Also reviewed in History Today, Vol. 33, Oct. 1983, page 53, English Historical Review, Vol. 97, No. 384 (July 1982), pp. 637, and American Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 4 (October 1980), pp. 879-880.

Manganiello, Stephen C. The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. ISBN: 0-8108-5100-8. This book gets a very negative review by Mark Charles Fissel in The Journal of Military History, Vol. 70, No. 1 (January 2006), pp. 223-225. Not recommended.

Newman, P.R. Atlas of the English Civil War. London: Croom Helm, 1985. There is also a 1998 edition. This atlas consists of over fifty completely new maps which set out clearly and concisely all the major-and many of the minor-campaigns and battles of the English Civil War. In addition there are maps providing essential background information. The text accompanying the maps not only gives explanations of the extensive detail of the maps, but also briefs the reader on the background to the depicted events. The combination of text and maps provides a detailed, concise and complete history of the war. Reviewed as part of a book ad in History Today, Vol. 35, April, 1985, page 62.

Powell, J. R. The Navy in the English Civil War. London: Archon Books, 1962. Mr. Powell has no difficulty in showing that the navy's strategic role in the English Civil War was vital, and that an appreciation of this helps our understanding of military and political events. This book is a useful contribution to our understanding of the civil war. But it is marred by a number of inaccuracies and it has been very carelessly printed. Information taken from a review by Christopher Hill in English Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 314 (January 1965), pp. 171-172.

Wanklyn, Malcolm. Decisive Battles of the English Civil War. Barnesley, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2006. ISBN: 1-84415-454-8. The battles of the English Civil War would appear to be a well-trodden path. Not only are there many sound single-battle studies but good general studies. It therefore says much for Wanklyn's book that he has much that is new to say not only in terms of the battles he has chosen to analyse, but, more importantly, about the analysis of battles and the sources historians use. Wanklyn's structure of "Context, Landscape and Sources" followed by each battle "Narrative" is effective. His narratives of the different battles are well considered. More significantly, his reviews of the source material are reminders of the "potential pitfalls" for all future historians of these and other battles, whose accounts will always be provisional. This is a very useful and informative volume. Information taken from a review by David N. Farr in The Journal of Military History, Vol. 71, No. 2 (April 2007), pp. 517-518.

Wedgewood, C. V. The King's Peace 1637-1641. London: WM Collins and Sons, 1969 (originally published 1955); The King's War 1641--1647. London: WM Collins and Sons, 1958. An excellent two volume narrative history of the Civil War describing what happened and how it happened in a manner so informed and familiar that it is as if the author were alive at the time. The King's Peace describes the background to the war by concentrating on the behavior of the individual participants in an attempt to understand how they felt and why they acted as they did. The King's War brings home the full force and the full horror of the Civil War by expertly describing the urgency and confusion in which the contemporaries lived. Reviewed as part of a book ad in History Today, Vol. 34, February 1984, page 60.

Wheeler, James Scott. Cromwell in Ireland. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1999. This volume follows the general and his army as they reconquered the island between 1649 and 1650. Since Cromwell remained in Ireland for only nine months, the narrative of his campaign is prefaced by an equally detailed account of the fighting since 1641. Also, the achievements of Cromwell's successors, Ireton and Ludlow, are assessed. Professor Wheeler's book is intended as military history. Accordingly, he evaluates the generalship of Cromwell, his subordinates and adversaries. Wheeler's judgements are hardly novel, but, cautiously expressed, carry conviction. The book's value is considerably enhanced by the clear plans of numerous engagements. As the most detailed and reliable narrative of the campaigns between 1641 and 1652, it will be invaluable. Information taken from a review by T. C. Barnard in English Historical Review, Vol. 115, No. 463 (September 2000), pp. 972-973.

Wiggins, Kenneth. Anatomy of a Siege: King John's Castle, Limerick, 1642. Rochester, NY: Boydell and Brewer, 2001. To devote a book to the single siege of a particular castle may seem unduly expansive, but this account goes much further than the retelling of an interesting story. Kenneth Wiggins is that rare author, an archaeologist with a commendable grasp of archives and historical method, and he brings to his study a clear and infectious enthusiasm for all aspects of a complex and significant episode in the history of Ireland. It is an interesting and complex story, and Wiggins tells it well. He weaves together the strands of evidence with conviction and makes full use of the recent excavations at the castle. It is a model treatment. Information taken from a review by Philip Dixon in English Historical Review, Vol. 117, No. 472 (June 2002), pp. 712-713.

Woolrych, Austin. Battles of the English Civil War. London: Batsford, 1961. Mr. Woolrych takes the three decisive encounters of Marston Moor, Naseby, and Preston and threads them together with a commentary on military and political developments from 1642 to 1649. This is a good volume. The author and his publishers are to be congratulated on a piece of successful popularization in which even if it breaks little fresh ground the standard of scholarship is never endangered. Information taken from a review in English Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 307 (April 1963), pp. 382.

Wroughton, John. An Unhappy Civil War. Bath, UK: Lansdown Press, 1999. This book examines the realities of the English Civil War and its impact on the lives of the inhabitants, the ordinary people, of Gloucestershire, Somerset, and Wiltshire, 1642-1646. The documentation is thorough; the style plain and readable. The study is organized around eight topics: the choice of sides; military service; financial burdens; the difficulties of free quarter and billeting; requisitions, plunder, and damages; the disruption of trade; the impact of sieges and garrisons; the longer term effects of war, including sickness, homelessness, punishments, and family feuds. Wroughton includes valuable case-studies as well as numerous incidents which show what people, soldiers, and civilians alike, endured and how it felt to be involved in the conflict. It is a thoroughly convincing account. Information taken from a review by G. C. F. Forster in English Historical Review, Vol. 115, No. 462 (June 2000), pp. 728-729.

Young, BG Peter. Edgehill 1642. The Campaign and the Battle. Kineton, UK: The Roundwood Press, 1967. This is not so much a monograph on Edgehill as a collection of extracts from original materials relating to military organization in 1642, the battle itself and the happenings previous and subsequent to it, and the composition of the two armies and of the regiments which comprised them. The third section concludes from contemporary accounts of the battle. It is useful for both the historian and the traditional reader of military history, but there is nothing by way of interpretation for the general reader. Information taken from a review by I. F. Burton, English Historical Review, Vol. 84, No. 331 (April 1969), pp. 396. A revised edition was published by Moreton-in-Marsh, UK: Windrush Press, 1995.